Abstract. Religious diversity and tolerance in Central and Eastern European countries are important social phenomena shaped by historical, political and cultural factors. This region is historically known as a geographical space where different religions and confessions — Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant branches of Christianity, as well as Judaism and Islam — coexist. In countries such as Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and the Baltic states, the religious landscape exhibits different characteristics due to historical roots, migration processes and political changes. The Soviet era and communist rule restricted the activities of religious institutions in many Central and Eastern European countries and weakened the public role of religion. However, with the expansion of democratic reforms after the 1990s, religious freedoms were restored and religious communities became more active. These processes gave rise to an increase in religious diversity, as well as the formation of policies of tolerance. In modern times, the principles of human rights, freedom of conscience and religion of the European Union make a significant contribution to strengthening the culture of tolerance in the countries of the region. At the same time, migration, multiculturalism and globalization create new challenges and opportunities by further expanding religious diversity. At the same time, religious discrimination, radicalism and ethno-religious tensions persist in some countries, which increases the importance of continuous dialogue, education and inclusive policies. As a result, religious diversity and tolerance in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are considered an important condition for democratic development, social stability and cultural harmony.

Keywords: Central and Eastern Europe, religious diversity, religious tolerance, multiculturalism, freedom of religion, freedom of conscience, religious pluralism, interfaith dialogue

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